In December 2019, we made a year-end 2020 forecast of 3,650 for the S&P 500. With the index closing Friday at 3,638, that looks like a very good call. I’d be lying if I didn’t admit to the volatility that we had to go through to get to that number. In the spring the S&P 500 fell as low as 2,237, pricing in a massive drop in corporate profits due to COVID. Because of us being in a secular bull market I remained bullish but revised our year-end forecast down to 3,100. Then, in August, after analyzing data on COVID-19 and assessing the actual impact of shutdowns on growth and profits, I lifted our year-end S&P target for 2020 back to 3,650. 
For next year, the fundamentals continue to suggest a bullish outlook. Our year-end 2021 call for the S&P 500 is 4,200 (up about 15% from last Friday), and I expect the Dow Jones Industrial Average to rise to 35,000. Now, this may sound technical, but I rely on governments measure of profits over the 10-year US Treasury yield. Allow me to explain how I get numbers that reflect that the market is still undervalued.
Last week, corporate profits for the third quarter were reported at a record high, up 3.3% from a year ago. The question is: what discount rate should we use? If we use the current 10-year Treasury yield of 0.84%, our model suggests the S&P 500 is grossly undervalued. But this is because the Federal Reserve is holding the entire interest rate structure at artificially low levels. Using these rates distorts valuations.
Using third-quarter profits, it would take a 10-year yield of 2.8% for our model to show that the stock market is currently trading at fair value. And that assumes no further growth in profits. Right now, despite Fed pressure to hold rates down, we expect the 10-year note to finish 2021 in the range of 1.25% to 1.5%. (Bond investors will get killed next year if that happens.) Nonetheless, we have chosen to use a more conservative 2% discount rate in our Capitalized Profits model.
Using third quarter 2020 profits, that creates a fair value estimate for the S&P 500 of 5,150. And this does not take into account the highly likely boost to profits in the year ahead. As a result, we believe our year-end 2021 forecast of 4,200 is easily within reach.
Obviously, the year ahead is not without risk. Perhaps the various vaccines will be rolled-out more slowly than anticipated. Perhaps, the Georgia Senate elections in early January will result in a House, Senate, and White House that all agree to more aggressive tax hikes than markets currently anticipate. Perhaps, perhaps, perhaps. More likely, we anticipate the vaccines will work roughly as advertised, and businesses will continue to improve in handling the obstacles posed by the illness and government shutdowns alike.
Meanwhile, the Senate should remain a check on aggressive tax hikes, and the federal courts may curb excesses in regulation. New entitlements? Highly unlikely. In addition, it looks like trade conflicts with other countries will ease. I have said this throughout the election, profits and interest rates drive stocks, I try to let these factors determine our outlook. Not politics, not fear, not greed…just math.
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